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Tamia Rudnicky
Comprehensive Coastal Inventory Program, Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science
(804) 684-7181
P.O. Box 1346
Gloucester Point
Virginia
23062
US
ArcGIS Metadata
1.0
https://www.vims.edu/ccrm/ccrmp/index.php
File Geodatabase Feature Class
Shoreline Management Model v.5.1 - Preferred Shoreline Best Management Practices - Virginia
2018-11-30T00:00:00
2022-02-03T00:00:00
Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
PO Box 1346
Gloucester Point
Virginia
23062
US
1375 Greate Road
vector digital data
Center for Coastal Resources Management. 2019. Shoreline Management Model, version 5.1. Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia.
<DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P STYLE="margin:7 0 7 0;"><SPAN><SPAN>In 2011, the Virginia General Assembly adopted a policy into law that specifies living shorelines as the preferred management practice for erosion control in Virginia waters. In accordance with the law, the Commonwealth defines a living shoreline as ... "... a shoreline management practice that provides erosion control and water quality benefits; protects, restores or enhances natural shoreline habitat; and maintains coastal processes through the strategic placement of plants, stone, sand fill, and other structural and organic materials".</SPAN></SPAN></P><P STYLE="margin:7 0 7 0;"><SPAN /><SPAN /></P><P STYLE="margin:7 0 7 0;"><SPAN><SPAN>The Center for Coastal Resources Management (CCRM) at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) has been developing tools for several years to guide local governments in shoreline management. In particular, they have focused on the use of ecologically preferred alternatives for erosion control and have conducted research into refining the appropriate uses for a large suite of possible treatments based on existing shoreline conditions. A series of Decision Trees were developed to determine shoreline best management practices when conducting onsite inspections. These were developed to support integrated guidance at the management and regulatory level.</SPAN></SPAN></P><P STYLE="margin:7 0 7 0;"><SPAN /><SPAN /></P><P STYLE="margin:7 0 7 0;"><SPAN><SPAN>This body of work has been expanded and re-developed as a GIS spatial model known as the Shoreline Management Model (SMM) to determine appropriate shoreline best management practices from the desk-top using available spatial data and the decision tree logic. The assessment is conducted at parcel level scale but the output represents a reach based or cumulative approach to shoreline management. The variables used in the SMM include fetch, nearshore bathymetry, bank condition, bank height, marsh presence, beach presence, tree canopy presence, and permanent structures within the riparian zone. Version 5 adds existing shoreline erosion control structures, and the presence of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) to enhance the models capabilities for evaluating best management practices along shorelines that have already been hardened or where erosion control practices may impact SAV.</SPAN></SPAN></P><P STYLE="margin:7 0 7 0;"><SPAN /><SPAN /></P><P STYLE="margin:7 0 7 0;"><SPAN>Most appropriate for desk-top reviews, regulatory compliance and comprehensive planning, the recommendations derived from the SMM may be altered due to lot size, shoreline length along a single parcel, proximity of primary buildings to the shoreline, type of existing erosion control structures, land use practices, and local biota. The output of the SMM is delivered to the end user in two ways: interactive map viewer, and digital shape file.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
To provide a recommended preferred approach for shoreline erosion control via a geospatial Shoreline Management Model that identifies where living shorelines are suitable.
Karinna Nunez
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
(804) 684-7273
1375 Greate Road, P.O. Box 1346
Gloucester Point
Virginia
23062
US
karinna@vims.edu
Virginia, Chesapeake Bay, Accomack, Arlington, Caroline, Charles City, Chesterfield, City of Chesapeake, City of Colonial Heights, City of Fredericksburg, City of Hampton, City of Hopewell, City of Petersburg, City of Richmond, Essex, Fairfax, Gloucester, Hanover, Henrico, Isle of Wight, James City, King George, Kiing and Queen, King William, Lancaster, Mathews, Middlesex, New Kent, Newport News, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Prince George, Prince William, Richmond, Spotsylvania, Stafford, Suffolk, Surry, Virginia Beach, Westmoreland, Williamsburg, York
ISO 19115 Topic Categories
environment
elevation
planningCadastre
geoscientificInformation
biota
Shoreline Management Model, Preferred Shoreline Best Management Practices, Living Shorelines, Shoreline Conditions, Shoreline Structures, Riparian Land Use, Shoreline Inventory, Erosion Control, Shoreline Treatments
environment
Shoreline Management Model
Preferred Shoreline Best Management Practices
Living Shorelines
Shoreline Conditions
Shoreline Structures
Riparian Land Use
Shoreline Inventory
Erosion Control
Shoreline Treatments
elevation
planningCadastre
Virginia
Chesapeake Bay
Accomack
Arlington
Caroline
Charles City
Chesterfield
City of Chesapeake
City of Colonial Heights
City of Fredericksburg
City of Hampton
City of Hopewell
City of Petersburg
City of Richmond
Essex
Fairfax
Gloucester
Hanover
Henrico
Isle of Wight
James City
King George
King and Queen
King William
Lancaster
Mathews
Middlesex
New Kent
Newport News
Norfolk
Northampton
Northumberland
Poquoson
Portsmouth
Prince George
Prince William
Richmond
Spotsylvania
Stafford
Suffolk
Surry
Virginia Beach
Westmoreland
Williamsburg
York
geoscientificInformation
biota
<DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV STYLE="font-size:12pt"><P><SPAN>These data should be used to guide the decision making process on how best to manage an erosion problem. Recommendations are made without consideration of property length, ownership, or value. Treatment recommendations are based on models that utilize best available data which may not reflect the actual conditions present on the shoreline.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
-77.489078
-75.320864
36.529093
38.862369
ground condition and currentness of associated datasets.
1998-01-01T00:00:00
2017-08-31T00:00:00
Esri ArcGIS 13.1.3.41833
1
-77.491055
-75.320864
38.919070
36.529093
Center for Coastal Resources Management (CCRM), Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS),
<DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>The Center for Coastal Resources Management (CCRM) provides these data with the understanding that they are not guaranteed to be correct or complete, and conclusions drawn from the data set are the sole responsibility of the user. Every attempt has been made to ensure that these data and the documentation are reliable and accurate. CCRM, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), and the Commonwealth of Virginia assume no liability for any damages caused by inaccuracies in the data or documentation; and make no warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness, or utility of this information, nor does the fact of distribution constitute a warranty.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
Topology has been checked. There are no overlapping arcs. All arcs are greater than 1m in length.
Shoreline coded for Riparian Land Use (RiparianLU) will have a shoreline best management practice recommendation listed in the SMMv5Class field and a definition listed in the SMMv5Def field. Note that shoreline inventory data collection and publication dates vary by locality and may not reflect the actual conditon present on the shoreline.
The Tidal Marsh Inventory is produced by the Comprehensive Coastal Inventory, Center for Coastal Resources Management at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia. The Shoreline Management Model obtains marsh information from this source.
Tidal Marsh Inventory
Tidal Marsh Inventory
2015-12-31T00:00:00
2022-01-12T00:00:00
vector digital data
Tidal Marsh Inventory information for individual counties can be found with the Shoreline Inventory: https://www.vims.edu/ccrm/research/inventory/virginia/index.php
https://www.vims.edu/ccrm/research/inventory/virginia/index.php
Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
PO Box 1346
Gloucester Point
Virginia
23062
US
1375 Greate Road
Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
Marsh boundaries are digitized from high resolution aerial imagery. Field collection of marsh data is primarily performed from a small shallow-draft vessel, navigating at slow speeds parallel to the shoreline. Data was collected during the summer from 2009 to 2018.
2009-06-01T00:00:00
2018-08-16T00:00:00
Fetch data is an unpublished data source created by the Comprehensive Coastal Inventory, Center for Coastal Resources Management at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia. This dataset provides information on shoreline exposure to potential wave energy via a distance model that measures distance to nearest shoreline along compass rose. Measurements are taken at 25 meter increments along the shoreline.
Virginia Shoreline Fetch
Virginia Shoreline Fetch
vector digital data
Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
PO Box 1346
Gloucester Point
Virginia
23062
US
1375 Greate Road
Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
Fetch uses the shoreline developed for the shoreline inventory. Shoreline is digitized using the most recent VBMP high resolution imagery available at the time of the inventory.
2007-01-01
2017-05-01
The Shoreline Inventory is produced by the Comprehensive Coastal Inventory, Center for Coastal Resources Management at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia. The inventory provides information on bank height, beach presence, and forested shoreline in addition to the location of shoreline structures such as riprap and bulkhead.
Virginia Digital Shoreline Inventories
Virginia Digital Shoreline Inventories
vector digital data
Each county has its own shoreline inventory. Please see http://www.vims.edu/ccrm/research/inventory/virginia/index.php for more information pertaining to the Shoreline Inventory for individual counties.
http://www.vims.edu/ccrm/research/inventory/virginia/index.php
Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
PO Box 1346
Gloucester Point
Virginia
23062
US
1375 Greate Road
Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
Each county has its own shoreline inventory. Between 2009 - 2015 shoreline inventoriy data was field collected by 2-3 person field crews using hand-held Trimble GeoExplorers GPS Units, while navigating by boat along the shoreline. Inventories published after 2015 are generated in the lab by viewing high resoultion imagery from the Virginia Base Mapping Program (VBMP), Bing maps, and Google Earth. Temporal period extent includes field days and aerial image dates.
2008-06-06
2018-08-16
The most recent 10 years of SAV merged together to show SAV presence. This layer is unpublished. SAV data can be downloaded from the VIMS website https://www.vims.edu/research/units/programs/sav/reports/index.php
SAV Habitat 10 Years (2007-2016)
SAV Habitat 10 Years (2007-2016)
King and Queen and King William Counties SMM used SAV data from 2015-2019.
Time period of SAV data.
2007-05-23
2016-11-17
Virginia Base Map Program Imagery from the Commonwealth of Virginia, through Virginia Geographic Network Division of its Department of Technology Planning (VGIN) is used to locate permanent structures, confirm road location, and identify wide beaches.
Virginia Base Map Program Imagery 2017
Virginia Base Map Program Imagery 2017
Basemap imagery used could be VBMP 2009, 2011, 2013, or 2017
Virginia Base Map Program provides high resolution aerial imagery for the Commonealth of Virginia. The best aerial coverage for Virginia's coastal plain occur in the VBMP products for 2006/2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2017.
2009-05-01
2017-05-01
Roads are obtained from the U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division. The most recent TIGER/Line shapefile for the county is used. This dataset provides the location of roads and rails near the shoreline.
TIGER/Line Shapefile, {year}, county, {County Name}, VA, All Lines County-based Shapefile
2015-05-01T00:00:00
vector digital data
The year of the TIGER/Line shapefile used for each county is the same as the year the county's Shoreline Management Model was first puplished.
https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-line.html
The year of the TIGER/Line shapefile used for each county is the same as the year the county's Shoreline Management Model was first puplished.
2010-01-01
2018-01-01
Data from the Shoreline Studies Program, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia is used to identify wide beaches.
Non-Jurisdictional Beach Assessment
Non-Jurisdictional Beach Assessment
2006-01-01
Building Footprints are obtained from VGIN. This layer is used to locate buildings near the shoreline.
Virginia Building Footprints
Virginia Building Footprints
https://vgin.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=994d0afa44c046498f9774613671ce9a
VIMS-CCRM Coastal Management Decision Tools created by the Center for Coastal Resources Management (CCRM), Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia provides the framework for the GIS Shoreline Management Model. Online Linkage: https://www.vims.edu/ccrm/ccrmp/bmp/decision_tools/index.php
Shoreline Management Models processed prior to July 2016 used bathymetry that originated from the Special Projects Office of the National Ocean Service, NOAA. Beginning in July 2016, the USGS Seamless Topobathymetric Elevation Model for the Chesapeake Bay (2016) is used for bathymetry. The datasets provide the 1 meter bathymetric contour to delineate shallow water.
One and Two Meter Low Water Contours of the Chesapeake Bay
One and Two Meter Low Water Contours of the Chesapeake Bay
1998-01-01
This data set is a composite of Shoreline Management Models with base shoreline inventory data published beginning in 2009.
Tidal marsh presence is transferred from the polygon shapefile (TMI) to the linear shoreline shapefile. Processing dates: 2012 to 2022.
2016-02-05T00:00:00
All processing steps occur in ArcMap, ArcGIS version 10.x. Models have been created for use with each step, however after each model run, a manual check of the results is necessary for accuracy. The SHLINV coded shoreline serves as the base shoreline and contains information on bank height, presence of beach, and forest cover. All other data layer information is added to this shoreline. Shoreline created prior to mid 2015 is delineated along the water edge. After mid-2015, the shoreline is delineated as the upland interface (the interface between the upland and water or marsh). The one meter bathymetric contour is used to determine if the nearshore is suitable for marsh planting. If the 1 meter bathymetric contour is within 10 meters of the shoreline then the bathymetry field is coded as 'deep', otherwise it is coded as 'shallow'. Processing dates: 2012 to 2022.
2016-02-05T00:00:00
The shoreline must be visually scanned to determine if there are any man-made navigable canals. If there are, the corresponding shoreline is coded canal = 'Canal'. Sand spits are noted in the shoreline inventory. If a sand spit is present, then sandspit = 'Yes'. Forestshl is coded 'Yes' if the landuse is forested or if there is a wide (>100 feet) tree fringe. Processing dates: 2012 to present.
2016-02-05T00:00:00
All linear shoreline structures (except dilapidated bulkhead and jetty) from the SHLINV are added to the base shoreline. Offshore structures (groin, breakwater, marsh toe revetment) are listed under the field "offshorest". All other structures are listed under "Structure". Processing dates: 2012 to 2022.
2016-02-09T00:00:00
The Shoreline Studies Program's beach layer (where available) is used to identify potential wide beaches. If the layer is unavailable, shoreline coded as beach is manually inspected with imagery in the background to determine if the area is a wide beach. A wide beach is a sandy beach with visible beach area above the regular tide. Processing dates: 2012 to 2022.
2016-02-18T00:00:00
To add roads and permanent structures (physical structures near the shoreline that would prohibit bank grading), the shoreline is buffered based on 3 times the maximum height in the bank height category plus 20 feet. Tiger roads and rails are buffered according to road/rail type. The general rule is one lane = 12 ft and shoulder = 12 ft, rail lines = 30 ft, bike paths/walkways = 8 ft, vehicular trails = 12 ft with no shoulder. Where transportation buffers and shoreline buffers intersect, shoreline should be coded for roads. Imagery along the shoreline is inspected for any permanent structures (houses, swimming pools, sheds, etc) that are within the shoreline buffer. Shoreline is coded for permanent structures when encountered. Processing dates: 2012 - 2017 Beginning with the 2018 shoreline inventory localities, a new technique was used to transfer roads and building footprints to the base shoreline. Where transportation buffer and shoreline buffer intersect, the resulting polygon vertices are converted to points. The ArcGIS NEAR tool is used to find the shortest distance from the point to the shoreline, adding x,y coordinates, distance, and direction to the point attribute table. Points that have a near distance less than or equal to the bank buffer width are retained. Near_x & near_y coordinates are converted to points (these points overlay the shoreline). The POINTS TO LINE tool converts points with the same rd_id to individual lines. The lines are buffered and the IDENTITY tool is used to place the road coding on the shoreline. Building Footprints downloaded from VITA are used to help find Permanent Structures within the shoreline bank buffer. A similar technique (describe above) is used to code the shoreline for Permanent Structure. The shoreline is also visually inspected for any permanent structures (houses, swimming pools, sheds, etc) within the shoreline buffer, that may not have been captured by using building footprints. Shoreline is coded for permanent structures when encountered. Processing dates: 2018-2019
2016-02-18T00:00:00
A tributary designation is assigned to the shoreline. Shoreline on the main stem of rivers is coded as major tributary, while small creeks are coded as tidal creek. Processing dates: 2012 to 2022.
2016-02-22T00:00:00
The most recent 10 years of SAV data was combined to create an SAV "habitat" layer. Only SAV polygons with density greater than zero were coded as "sav". The polygons were dissolved on the "sav" field to create a general sav habitat layer. The shoreline is coded for SAV presence if SAV is within 30 ft of the shoreline.
2018-11-09T00:00:00
The classification for the preferred shoreline best management practices provide recommendations across defended and undefended shorelines. There are 11 classifications: 1. Non-Structural Living Shoreline
2. Plant Marsh with Sill
3. Groin Field with Beach Nourishment 4. Maintain Beach or Offshore Breakwater with Beach Nourishment 5. Revetment
6. Revetment/Bulkhead Toe Revetment
7. Highly Modified Area
8. Ecological Conflicts
9. Special Geomorphic Feature
10. No Action Needed
11. Land Use Management
2019-04-25T00:00:00
Fetch is determined by creating 16 arcs based on the compass rose, radiating from points evenly spaced every 25 meters along the shoreline. The average arc length over water is calculated for the NE, SE, SW, and NW quadrants. The quadrant with the longest average fetch distance determines the fetch for the associated shoreline arc segment. Fetch is classified as low = 0-0.5 mile, moderate = 0.5-2 miles, and high = > 2 miles. Fetch is re-analyzed onto 100 meter segments along the shoreline by determining the most common fetch classification within each 100 meter segment. Processing dates: 2012 to 2022.
2019-05-30T00:00:00
The shoreline is given one last check for missing coding, errors, etc. Arcs less than or equal to 1m are dissolved into the larger adjacent arc. Topology is check for dangles and overlaps, and corrections made. Shoreline Management Model v.5.1 - Preferred Shoreline Best Management Practices model is run and the shoreline is coded with treatment recommendations. The SMM model queries a variety of spatial data and presents the preferred approach for erosion control. General preferred shoreline best management practices are recommended for all stretches of shoreline. Forested shoreline, bank height, marsh presence, fetch, beach presence, SAV, nearshore water depth, and existing structures feed into the resulting recommendations. Processing dates: 2012 to 2022.
2019-10-08T00:00:00
Suitable_Living_Shoreline_Areas
Shoreline Management Model version 5.1 attributes
Processor
Feature Class
0
rd_pstruc
road or permanent structure is present within the shoreline buffer
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
yes
road or permanent structure is present within the shoreline buffer
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
a road or permanent structure is present (yes) within a certain distance of the shoreline
rd_pstruc
String
4
0
0
Structure
erosion control structure: riprap, bulkhead, unconventional, etc
author
Riprap
Generally composed of large rock to withstand wave energy, riprap revetments are constructed along shores to protect eroding fastland.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Marina < 50 slips
Marinas are denoted as line features in the shoreline inventory. The infrastructure associated with the marina (e.g. bulkheading, docks, wharfs, etc) are not digitized individually. The survey estimates the number of slips within the marina and classifies marinas as those with less than 50 slips and those with more than 50 slips.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Bulkhead
Bulkheads are traditionally treated wood or steel “walls” constructed to offer protection from wave attack. More recently, plastics are being used in the construction. Bulkheads are vertical structures built slightly seaward of the problem area and backfilled with suitable fill material. They function like a retaining wall, as they are designed to retain upland soil, and prevent erosion of the bank from impinging waves.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Debris
Debris represents nonconforming materials and rubble dumped along the shoreline as shoreline protection. Debris can include tires, bricks, broken concrete rubble, and railroad ties as examples.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Marina > 50 slips
Marinas are denoted as line features in the shoreline inventory. The infrastructure associated with the marina (e.g. bulkheading, docks, wharfs, etc) are not digitized individually. The survey estimates the number of slips within the marina and classifies marinas as those with less than 50 slips and those with more than 50 slips.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Unconventional
Unconventional features represent segments along the shore where unconventional material has been placed to protect a section of shore.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
list of shoreline protection structures that occur on the shoreline
STRUCTURE
String
50
0
0
invPubYr
shoreline inventory publication year
processor
invPubYr
String
10
0
0
2009
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2009: Mathews County and Westmoreland County
processor
2010
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2010: Alexandria, Fairfax, and Prince William
processor
2011
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2011: Hampton, and Northampton
processor
2012
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2012: Virginia Beach
processor
2013
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2013: Charles City, Poquoson, Suffolk, and York
processor
2014
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2014: Gloucester, James City and Williamsburg, Newport News, Norfolk, and Northumberland
processor
2015
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2015: Lancaster and Middlesex Counties
processor
2016
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2016: Accomack County, City of Chesapeake, Prince George County and the City of Hopewell
processor
2017
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2017: Chesterfield and the Cities of Colonial Heights, Petersburg, and Richmond, City of Fredericksburg, Hanover County, Henrico County, Isle of Wight, King George, and Surry County
processor
2018
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2018: Arlington, Caroline, Essex, New Kent, Richmond Counties
processor
2019
Shoreline Inventories Published in 2019: King and Queen, King William Counties
processor
marsh_all
marsh is present or absent
author
no
no marsh present
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
marsh present
marsh is present
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
values can be "marsh present" or "no".
marsh_all
String
30
0
0
HEIGHT
Bank height is a visual inspection of the height of the bank from the base to the top. We estimate height from imagery, field inspection, videography or a combination of all three data sources. Bank height: 0-5 feet, 5-30 feet, or >30 feet.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Bank height: 0-5 feet, 5-30 feet, or >30 feet.
HEIGHT
String
50
0
0
tribs
shoreline is classified as tidal creek, major tributary, or bay front.
Shoreline Management Model
major tributary
large stream or river that drains into an estuary like Chesapeake Bay or the Atlantic Ocean.
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
tidal creek
small stream or river that is tidally influenced and drains into a major tributary, an estuary like Chesapeake Bay, or the Atlantic Ocean. A tidal creek has limited shoreline exposure to fetch > 2 miles.
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
shoreline is classified as being part of a tidal creek or a major tributary.
tribs
String
50
0
0
BarrierIsl
Barrier Islands are found in Northampton County
processor
BarrierIsl
String
20
0
0
Tree_Fring
When the dominant riparian land use is not forested, but a line of trees is maintained along the bank edge, the land use is noted to include a tree fringe. When the tree fringe is between 100 and 500 feet, it is considered a wide tree fringe. When the tree fringe is greater than 500 feet, it would be labled "forested" in land use.
VIMS Shoreline & Tidal Marsh Inventory Glossary, Center for Coastal Resources Management
Yes
Tree fringe is present
VIMS Shoreline & Tidal Marsh Inventory Glossary, Center for Coastal Resources Management
Yes w
Tree fringe is between 100 -500 feet
VIMS Shoreline & Tidal Marsh Inventory Glossary, Center for Coastal Resources Management
Tree_Fring
String
25
0
0
ShlType
shoreline defended or undefended based on time of survey
author
Undefended
shoreline is not defended by a structure listed in the "Structures" or "offshorest" attributes.
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Defended
Shoreline is protected by a structure listed in the "Structures" or "offshorest" attributes
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
shoreline is classified as defended or undefended
ShlType
String
25
0
0
WideBeach
A wide beach is a sandy beach with visible beach area above the regular tide.
Shoreline Management Model
wide beach is present (yes) or absent
WideBeach
String
6
0
0
forestshl
forested shoreline is "yes" if riparian land use is coded "forested" or Tree_fring = "Yes w"
author
forested shoreline is "yes" if riparian land use is coded "forested" or if tree fringe is wide.
forestshl
String
4
0
0
PubYear
Publication year of shoreline inventory
processor
PubYear
String
50
0
0
canal
man-made navigable canal
author
canal
man-made navigable canal is present
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
canal is present (canal) or absent
canal
String
10
0
0
Shape_Length
Length of feature in internal units.
Esri
Positive real numbers that are automatically generated.
Shape_Length
Double
8
0
0
FIPSCode
Federal Information Processing Standard code for Virginia cities and counties. Same as FIPS but represented as a text field.
FIPSCode
String
10
0
0
processor
SURVEYED
Year data collected and/or updated
processor
SURVEYED
String
50
0
0
Exposure
from the shoreline exposure model. Fetch is determined by creating 16 arcs based on the compass rose, radiating from points evenly spaced along the shoreline. The average arc length over water is calculated for the NE, SE, SW, and NW quadrants. The quadrant with the longest average fetch distance determines the fetch for the associated shoreline arc segment. Arcs were aggregated into 100 meter segments and the most common fetch classification is used.
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
moderate
maximum average fetch is 0.5 - 2.0 miles
Shoreline Management Model
low
maximum average fetch is 0 - 0.5 mile
Shoreline Management Model
high
maximum average fetch is > 2 miles
Shoreline Management Model
Fetch values are represented by low, moderate, or high.
Exposure
String
254
0
0
HiModArea
Highly Modified Area includes marinas, canals, paved riparian land use with roads adjacent to shoreline, and commercial or industrial areas with hardened shoreline.
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Highly Modified Area
Highly Modified Area includes marinas, canals, paved riparian land use with roads adjacent to shoreline, and commercial or industrial areas with hardened shoreline.
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
a value used when processing the model
HiModArea
String
75
0
0
RiparianLU
current riparian land use: agriculture, bare, commercial, forested, grass, paved, residential, scrub-shrub
Shoreline Inventory
Paved
Paved areas represent roads which run along the shore and generally are located at the top of the banks. Paved also includes parking areas such as parking at boat landing, or commercial facilities.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Residential
Residential land use includes single and multi-family dwellings
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Grass
Grasslands include large unmanaged fields, managed grasslands adjacent to large estates, agriculture tracts reserved for pasture, and grazing. While a general rule of thumb will classify a tract as “grass” if a home sits behind a large tract of grass, a designation of “residential” may be made if there are similar tracts adjacent to each other. This designation can be determined using best professional judgment.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Bare
Land use defined as bare includes areas void of any vegetation or obvious land use. Bare areas include those that have been cleared for construction.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Agriculture
Land use defined as agricultural includes farm tracts that are cultivated and crop producing. This designation is not applicable for pastureland.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Forested
Forest cover includes deciduous, evergreen, and mixed forest stands greater than 18 feet high. The riparian zone is classified as forested if the tree stand extends at least 30 feet inland of the seaward limit of the riparian zone. If the forest cover is less than 30 feet wide from the shoreline than some other primary land use designation is made.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Commercial
Commercial is a land use classification denoting small commercial operations such as shops, restaurants, as well as campgrounds. These operations are not necessarily water dependent businesses.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Industrial
Industrial operations are larger commercial businesses and can include areas where power plants, pulp mills, refineries, etc, are in operations along the coast.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Scrub-shrub
Scrub-shrub is a land use class that includes trees less than 18 feet high, and is usually dominated by shrubs and bushy plants.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
current riparian land use: agriculture, bare, commercial, forested, grass, paved, residential, scrub-shrub, timbered
RiparianLU
String
254
0
0
defended
shoreline is defended by an erosion control structure
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
yes
shoreline is defended by an erosion control structure that is listed in the attributes "Structures" and "offshorest"
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
defended
String
20
0
0
shoreline
Shoreline is digitized while viewing high resolution imagery as the background layer. This field indicates the date of the Virginia Base Map Program (VBMP) imagery used.
processor
Shoreline
String
100
0
0
PublicRamp
Paved Public Ramp is present
processor
PublicRamp
String
50
0
0
FIPS
Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) are numeric codes assigned by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
FIPS
Integer
4
0
0
ESRI
bathymetry
water depth
author
shallow
1 m bathymetric contour is greater than 10 m from shoreline
author
deep
1 meter bathymetric contour is within 10 m of shoreline
author
water depth is classified as either deep or shallow for use in the model.
bathymetry
String
10
0
0
SAV
Indicates if Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV ) is present within 30 feet of the shoreline. A 10 year composite of SAV presence is used.
processor
SAV
String
254
0
0
SandSpit
A narrow coastal landform tied to the upland shoreline at one end resulting from the deposition of sand moved by tides and currents. Spit features are generally sandy and may be dominated by beach, dune, and/or marsh habitats. For inventory purposes, this definition does not include spit features that are developed or have developable upland.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Sandspit is present ("yes") or absent.
SandSpit
String
10
0
0
Inventory
Yesr of shoreline inventory or description of imagery used to create the shoreline inventory.
processor
Inventory
String
150
0
0
COVER
Bank cover is a classification based on a visual inspection of the bank. “Cover” can include either vegetative or structural cover.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
total
> 75% vegetative/structural cover
Shoreline Inventory definition, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
partial
25-75% vegetative/structural cover
Shoreline Inventory definition, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
bare
< 25% vegetative/structural cover
Shoreline Inventory definition, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
COVER
String
50
0
0
BEACH
Beaches are persistent sandy shores that are visible during high tides. These features can be wide or thin lenses of sand. Beaches are coded as linear features at the wet/dry line to portray their location only. If a beach does not have a visible wet/dry line, then the line feature is located at the seaward edge of the beach. ‘Wide’ beaches have at least 10 feet of dry sand persistently visible above high tides. Beach features coded along tidal marsh shorelines are persistent, sandy features located on the water side of tidal marsh vegetation. Sand washed into tidal marshes is not coded as a beach if the marsh vegetation &/or marsh edge is still clearly visible. This classification of beaches along tidal marsh shorelines can include professional judgment.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Yes
beach is present
Shoreline Inventory definition, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
No
beach is not present
Shoreline Inventory definition, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
beach is either present (yes) or absent
BEACH
String
50
0
0
roads
roads are present within shoreline buffer
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
roads are present (roads) or absent
roads
String
6
0
0
PermStruc
permanent structures (houses, swimming pools, etc) are within the shoreline buffer
author
Permanent Structure
permanent structures (houses, swimming pools, etc) are within the shoreline buffer
Shoreline Management Model, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
permanent structures (permanent structure) are present or absent
PermStruc
String
50
0
0
cntyName
cntyName
String
50
0
0
Virginia county or city name.
processor
FetchUpdat
FetchUpdat
String
50
0
0
Fetch calculation based on the most common fetch classification within a 100 meter arc segment. (Original fetch was calulated every 25 meters.)
processor
PrevExpo
PrevExpo
String
50
0
0
Fetch calculation based on one point within a 100 meter arc segment.
processor
bnk_height
bank height: 0-5 feet, 5-30 feet, or >30 feet
author
bank height: 0-5 feet, 5-30 feet, or >30 feet
bnk_height
String
8
0
0
lowBnkStrc
lowBnkStrc
String
254
0
0
Shoreline has a low bank height (0-5 ft) and there is a road or permanent structure present that might impede bank grading.
processor
StrucList
list of shoreline structures present
author
combines the structures listed in the "Structure" and "offshorest" attributes into one attribute list
StrucList
String
100
0
0
Shape
Feature geometry.
ESRI
Coordinates defining the features.
Shape
Geometry
0
0
0
County
Virginia county or city name.
processor
County
String
50
0
0
offshorest
offshore erosion control structure: breakwater, groins, marsh toe revetment.
author
Groins
Groins are low profile structures that sit perpendicular to the shore. They are generally positioned at, or slightly above, the mean low water line. They can be constructed of rock, timber, or concrete. They are frequently set in a series known as a groinfield, which may extend along a stretch of shoreline for some distance. Unless only a single groin can be detected, this inventory does not delineate individual groins in a groinfield. The groinfield is mapped as one linear feature parallel to the shoreline running along the length of the groin series.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Marsh Toe
A marsh toe revetment is a low profile revetment, typically constructed of stone, placed along the eroding edge of an existing tidal marsh.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
Breakwater
Breakwaters are structures that sit parallel to the shore, and generally occur in a series along the shore. Their purpose is to attenuate and deflect incoming wave energy, protecting the fastland behind the structure. The Shoreline Inventory does not map individual breakwaters. A breakwater “system” is delineated and depicted as a line parallel to the series of breakwaters.
Glossary of Shoreline Features Defined, Center for Coastal Resources Management, VIMS
list of shoreline protection structures that commonly extend into the water.
offshorest
String
25
0
0
SMMv5Class
SMMv5Class
String
254
0
0
Revised SMM v5.1 preferred shoreline BMP classifications
processor
Non-Structural Living Shoreline
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
Remove existing shoreline structure if present; grade bank if necessary and install a non-structural living shoreline which may include riparian buffer planting along the bank, and/or marsh plants, coir logs, or oyster reefs along the shoreline. Best choice for low energy environments.
Plant Marsh with Sill
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
In moderate energy environments a sill may be required to establish a living shoreline. Remove any existing shoreline structure if present and grade the bank if possible. Stabilize bank with riparian vegetation and plant a marsh with a sill. If the bank cannot be graded, repair existing shoreline structure with a minimal footprint and consider incorporating a marsh with a sill or some other shoreline enhancement (e.g. oyster castles).
Groin Field with Beach Nourishment
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
Maintain existing wide beach between groins. Remove unnecessary structures at the backshore (e.g. bulkheads) and stabilize the bank with grading and riparian plants. Repair/replace existing groins, add beach nourishment and plant beach vegetation.
Maintain Beach or Offshore Breakwater with Beach Nourishment
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
If shoreline exceeds 200 feet in length, remove existing shoreline structure, add beach nourishment sand, consider offshore breakwaters or another type of wave attenuation device with beach nourishment; consider adding plantings to the nourished areas. When the shoreline length is less than 200 feet an offshore breakwater may not be practical. In this case, remove failed shoreline structures and repair or construct a revetment as far landward as possible. Consider shoreline enhancement such as creation of vegetated wetlands and/or riparian buffer and/or sandy beach/dune above and immediately channelward of the structure.
Revetment
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
Remove existing failing or failed shoreline structure, if present. Construct new revetment as far landward as possible; grade the bank and plant vegetation buffers where possible. If grading is not possible, construct or repair existing revetment in the same alignment. A bulkhead should be considered only if previously present and the site is limited by navigation. Consider shoreline enhancement such as creation of vegetated wetlands and/or riparian buffer and/or sandy beach/dune above and immediately channelward of the structure. In high energy settings where shoreline extends more than 200 feet see option for Offshore Breakwater with Beach Nourishment.
Revetment/Bulkhead Toe Revetment
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
If grading is possible, remove the failed bulkhead and replace with a revetment landward of the current bulkhead. When grading not possible, (re)construct bulkhead in the same alignment and/or add a toe revetment. Consider a shoreline enhancement project such as creation of vegetated wetlands and/or riparian buffer and/or sandy beach/dune above and immediately channelward of the structure.
Highly Modified Area
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
Management options for this shoreline may be limited due to the presence of highly developed upland (e.g. commercial wharfs) or infrastructure directly adjacent to the shoreline (e.g. road) and will depend on the need for and limitations posed by navigation access and erosion control. Seek expert advice on the design of your project.
Ecological Conflicts
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
Management options for this shoreline may be limited by the presence of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) or Mangroves (Florida and Gulf coast shorelines). For Virginia shorelines, seek advice from the Virginia Marine Resources Commission Habitat Management Division http://www.mrc.virginia.gov/. If you live in another state, seek advice from your local marine regulatory agency.
Special Geomorphic Feature
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
Maintain the natural condition of this shoreline to allow for unimpeded sediment movement and the corresponding response of wetlands, beach and/or dune. If primary structures are present and threatened, seek expert advice on the design of your project.
No Action Needed
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
No specific management actions are suitable for shoreline protection, e.g. boat ramps, undeveloped marsh, and barrier islands.
Land Use Management. Seek expert advice
Shorelines with tall banks greater than 30 feet limit possible solutions to address bank erosion. Forces other than tidal erosion, such as over-land runoff, upland development, and vegetation management are likely also having effect on bank conditions. Assessment of all factors and modifications to address causes for bank erosion are recommended. This may include changes to vegetation management, implementation of projects to address storm water, relocating buildings, utilities, and other infrastructure. All new construction should be located 100 feet or more from the top of bank. Actions may also include requesting zoning variances for relief from setback and other land use requirements or restrictions that may increase erosion risk. Seek expert advice to inform management options.
Shoreline Management Model v5.1 Glossary
SMMv5Def
SMM_v5_Definition
String
5100
0
0
Definitions for the preferred shoreline BMPs listed in the SMMv5Class field.
processor
DefDate
Definition Date
String
50
0
0
Date of SMMv5Def update
processor
OBJECTID
Internal feature number.
Esri
Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
OBJECTID
OID
4
0
0
dataset
EPSG
6.11(3.0.1)
0
Simple
FALSE
0
TRUE
FALSE
20230920